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𝑨 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝑰𝑨 𝑶𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑩𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝑹𝑬𝑨𝑳𝑳𝒀 𝒅𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒈… And that was just one stop on Biden's friendship tour with the axis of evil
Cyrus the Great (600 – 530 BC) was the founder of the Persian (Achaemenid) Empire. Born in Anshan, Persia (modern day Iran) Cyrus conquered the empires of Media, Lydia and Babylonia. In doing so, he created the largest empire the world had seen. Cyrus the Great also ruled with tolerance for the respective cultures and religions of the conquered peoples. He ruled fairly with an efficient administration and was appreciated by those who governed him. His rule became a template for a multi-ethnic state that allowed religious and cultural diversity. His rule was studied and admired by many of the great leaders, such as Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and Thomas Jefferson. "Whenever you can, act as a liberator. Freedom, dignity, wealth — these three together constitute the greatest happiness of humanity. If you bequeath all three to your people, their love for you will never die." – Cyrus the Great: The Arts of Leadership and War – Xenophon Early life and rise to power Cyrus_the_Great_with_General_Harpagus_(18th_century) Cyrus the Great with General Harpagus (18th century) Cyrus was born in the province of Persia in southwest Iran. He was the son of a local chief who were vassals of the king of Medes – King Astyages. The Median Empire was the dominant power in the region, though the Persians were closely connected in culture and family ties to the Medians. Around 558BC, Cyrus succeeded his father Cambyses I as king of the Persians, but he still was under the rule of the Medes King. Shortly after Cyrus rose to the throne, the Median king Astyages attacked Cyrus – worried about his power and influence. However, helped by defections from the Median army including the general Harpagus, Cyrus successfully led the Persians in a rebellion against the Medes and, after a conflict lasting three years, he succeeded in freeing the Persians from their Medes rulers. When he was victorious, he chose not to kill Astyages and actually married his daughter. This helped Cyrus to gain the loyalty of Median nobles and this strengthened Cyrus's power within Persia. A few years later Cyrus launched a campaign against the Lydian Empire in Asia Minor (western Turkey) The king of the Lydian Empire King Croesus was a man of legendary wealth. However, Cyrus was military successful and took Croseus prisoner. Cyrus gained much wealth from this military victory but claimed he used it judiciously to develop his empire.
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The men whose names by common consent stand in the front rank of Spanish literature, Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Quevedo, Calderon, Garcilaso de la Vega, the Mendozas, Gongora, were all men of ancient families, and, curiously, all, except the last, of families that traced their origin to the same mountain district in the North of Spain. The family of Cervantes is commonly said to have been of Galician origin, and unquestionably it was in possession of lands in Galicia at a very early date; but I think the balance of the evidence tends to show that the "solar," the original site of the family, was at Cervatos in the north-west corner of Old Castile, close to the junction of Castile, Leon, and the Asturias. As it happens, there is a complete history of the Cervantes family from the tenth century down to the seventeenth extant under the title of "Illustrious Ancestry, Glorious Deeds, and Noble Posterity of the Famous Nuno Alfonso, Alcaide of Toledo," written in 1648 by the industrious genealogist Rodrigo Mendez Silva, who availed himself of a manuscript genealogy by Juan de Mena, the poet laureate and historiographer of John II. The origin of the name Cervantes is curious. Nuno Alfonso was almost as distinguished in the struggle against the Moors in the reign of Alfonso VII as the Cid had been half a century before in that of Alfonso VI, and was rewarded by divers grants of land in the neighbourhood of Toledo. On one of his acquisitions, about two leagues from the city, he built himself a castle which he called Cervatos, because "he was lord of the solar of Cervatos in the Montana," as the mountain region extending from the Basque Provinces to Leon was always called. At his death in battle in 1143, the castle passed by his will to his son Alfonso Munio, who, as territorial or local surnames were then coming into vogue in place of the simple patronymic, took the additional name of Cervatos. His eldest son Pedro succeeded him in the possession of the castle, and followed his example in adopting the name, an assumption at which the younger son, Gonzalo, seems to have taken umbrage.
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"There is a deep–and usually frustrated–desire in the heart of everyone to act with benevolence rather than selfishness, and one fine instance of generosity can inspire dozens more. Thus I established a stately court where all my friends showed respect to each other and cultivated courtesy until it bloomed into perfect harmony." – Cyrus the Great: The Arts of Leadership and War – Xenophon Cyrus was also considered a skilled administrator. He created effective and efficient structures to govern his large empire – devolving power to different states – devolving power to regional governors or satraps. The Satraps were responsible for a geographical area. They were accountable to Cyrus but had a degree of local autonomy. In turn, he sought to reward skill and loyalty. The empire was governed by four capital states; Pasargadae, Babylon, Susa and Ecbatana. During Cyrus' time, there were also major building works. He built new canals and instituted a novel postal system which, using staging posts, allowed for more efficient communication through the Empire. He also loved gardens and archaeological digs have revealed that in the capital city, there was a Persian Garden maintained by a network of canals carved out of limestone. The historian Xenophon suggests Cyrus was widely popular with his subjects, even those of the former conquered territories. "And those who were subject to him, he treated with esteem and regard, as if they were his own children, while his subjects themselves respected Cyrus as their "Father" … What other man but 'Cyrus', after having overturned an empire, ever died with the title of "The Father" from the people whom he had brought under his power? For it is plain fact that this is a name for one that bestows, rather than for one that takes away!" There are several different accounts of Cyrus' death. The account of Herodotus suggests Cyrus died on campaign in Massagetae – a tribe in the southern deserts of the steppe regions of Kazakhstan. An alternative account from Xenophon's Cyropaedia claims Cyrus died peacefully in his capital city Pasargadae. (near Shiraz in Iran) After his death, Cyrus was succeeded by his son and the Achaemenid Empire endured long after his death. Even when the Empire was overrun by the Seleucid dynasty 312 BC to 63 BC, they retained many similarities to the state Cyrus created. Cyrus was widely admired in the classical world for his values and success – even the Greeks who frequently fought the Persians admired Cyrus the Great. Alexander the Great deeply admired Cyrus and poured over the accounts of Cyrus' bravery and skill as a political leader. Alexander was to claim a large portion of the Persian Empire – though not with the same long-term success. Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the US was also a great admirer of Cyrus the Great and had two copies of the Cyropaedia. The life of Cyrus and his belief in religious tolerance and human liberty may have had some influence on his drafting of the Declaration of Independence. Cyrus' own religions beliefs are difficult to precisely know. It is likely that he was influenced by Zoroaster who was a near contemporary. Zoroasterianism became the dominant religion of Persia. On the Cyrus Cylinder, there is one statement: "pray daily before Bêl and Nabû for long life for me, and may they speak a gracious word for me and say to Marduk, my lord, "May Cyrus, the king who worships you, and Cambyses, his son," The Jewish people venerated Cyrus the Great as a righteous king. After the Babylonian conquest of Judea, many thousands had been massacred and remaining Jews had been deported to Babylonia. In the first year of King Cyrus, Cyrus met the most prominent Jewish people living in exile in Babylon and gave them permission to return to Jerusalem. "I have given leave to as many of the Jews that dwell in my country as please to return to their own country, and to rebuild their city, and to build the temple of God at Jerusalem on the same place where it was before." As quoted by Josephus. In the Bible, it is documented how Cyrus issued a decree to rebuild the house of God in Jerusalem and 'let the cost be paid from the royal treasury.' The king also issued a decree: "Concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, let the temple, the place where sacrifices are offered, be rebuilt and let its foundations be retained," (Ezra 6:3–5)
Both brothers founded families. The Cervantes branch had more tenacity; it sent offshoots in various directions, Andalusia, Estremadura, Galicia, and Portugal, and produced a goodly line of men distinguished in the service of Church and State. Gonzalo himself, and apparently a son of his, followed Ferdinand III in the great campaign of 1236-48 that gave Cordova and Seville to Christian Spain and penned up the Moors in the kingdom of Granada, and his descendants intermarried with some of the noblest families of the Peninsula and numbered among them soldiers, magistrates, and Church dignitaries, including at least two cardinal-archbishops. Of the line that settled in Andalusia, Deigo de Cervantes, Commander of the Order of Santiago, married Juana Avellaneda, daughter of Juan Arias de Saavedra, and had several sons, of whom one was Gonzalo Gomez, Corregidor of Jerez and ancestor of the Mexican and Columbian branches of the family; and another, Juan, whose son Rodrigo married Dona Leonor de Cortinas, and by her had four children, Rodrigo, Andrea, Luisa, and Miguel, our author. The pedigree of Cervantes is not without its bearing on "Don Quixote." A man who could look back upon an ancestry of genuine knights-errant extending from well-nigh the time of Pelayo to the siege of Granada was likely to have a strong feeling on the subject of the sham chivalry of the romances. It gives a point, too, to what he says in more than one place about families that have once been great and have tapered away until they have come to nothing, like a pyramid. It was the case of his own. Other things besides the drama were in their infancy when Cervantes was a boy. The period of his boyhood was in every way a transition period for Spain. The old chivalrous Spain had passed away. The new Spain was the mightiest power the world had seen since the Roman Empire and it had not yet been called upon to pay the price of its greatness. By the policy of Ferdinand and Ximenez the sovereign had been made absolute, and the Church and Inquisition adroitly adjusted to keep him so. The nobles, who had always resisted absolutism as strenuously as they had fought the Moors, had been divested of all political power, a like fate had befallen the cities, the free constitutions of Castile and Aragon had been swept away, and the only function that remained to the Cortes was that of granting money at the King's dictation. The transition extended to literature. Men who, like Garcilaso de la Vega and Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, followed the Italian wars, had brought back from Italy the products of the post-Renaissance literature, which took root and flourished and even threatened to extinguish the native growths. Damon and Thyrsis, Phyllis and Chloe had been fairly naturalised in Spain, together with all the devices of pastoral poetry for investing with an air of novelty the idea of a dispairing shepherd and inflexible shepherdess. As a set-off against this, the old historical and traditional ballads, and the true pastorals, the songs and ballads of peasant life, were being collected assiduously and printed in the cancioneros that succeeded one another with increasing rapidity. But the most notable consequence, perhaps, of the spread of printing was the flood of romances of chivalry that had continued to pour from the press ever since Garci Ordonez de Montalvo had resuscitated "Amadis of Gaul" at the beginning of the century.
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