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To gеt in on this explosive growth potential right away, clіck hеre. 11 https://www.consumerreports.org/prescription-drugs/too-many-meds-americas-love-affair-with-prescription-medication/ 12 https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project 13 https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/ilmn/earnings e Oval Office is the formal working space of the president of the United States. Part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, it is located in the West Wing of the White House, in Washington, D.C. The oval-shaped room features three large south-facing windows behind the president's desk and a fireplace at the north end. It has two built-in bookcases, and four doors: the east door opens to the Rose Garden; the west door leads to a private study and dining room; the northwest door opens onto the main corridor of the West Wing; and the northeast door opens to the office of the president's secretary. Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their personal taste, choosing furniture, drapery, and often commissioning their own oval-shaped carpet. Artwork is selected from the White House's own collection, or borrowed from museums for the length of the president's term in office. Cultural history The Oval Office has become associated in Americans' minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, Jr. peering through the front panel of his father's desk, President Richard Nixon speaking by telephone with the Apollo 11 astronauts during their moonwalk, and Amy Carter bringing her Siamese cat Misty Malarky Ying Yang to brighten her father President Jimmy Carter's day. Several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. Examples include Kennedy presenting news of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Nixon announcing his resignation from office (1974),[1] Ronald Reagan following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (1986),[2] and George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks (2001).[3] History 1789-1909 President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. George Washington's bow window (not depicted) is echoed in the shape of the Oval Office. Washington's bow window The White House was not ready for occupancy until 1800. George Washington ever occupied the White House. He spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years, from 1790–1800, while Washington, D.C. was under construction. In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the President's House in Philadelphia, creating a ceremonial space in which the public would meet the president.[4] Standing before the three windows of this bow window, he formally received guests for his Tuesday afternoon audiences, delegations from Congress and foreign dignitaries, and the general public at opn houses on ew Year's Day, the Fourth of July, and his birthday. Washington received his guests, standing between the windows in his back drawing-room. The company, entering a front room and passing through an unfolding door, made their salutations to the President, and turning of, stood on one side.[5] President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in March 1797, and used the bow window in the same manner as his predecessor.[6] Curved foundations of Washington's bow window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the President's House site.[7] They are exhibited under glass at the President's House Commemoration, just north of the Liberty Bell Center.[8] White House Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792, and would have seen the bow window.[9] The following month Hoban was named wner of the design competition for the White House. The "elliptic salon" at the center of the White House was the outstanding feature of Hoban's original plan. Oval rooms became common in early-19th-century neoclassical architecture. In November 1800, John Adams became the first president to occupy the White House. He and his successor, President Thomas Jefferson, used Hoban's oval rooms in the same ceremonial manner that Washington had used the bow window, standing before the three windows at the south end to receive guests.[10] During the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White House's second-floor Yellow Oval Room as their private office or library. This cultural association between the president and an oval room was more fully expressed in the Taft Oval Office (1909). Location of the Yellow Oval Room on the second floor of the White House. A number of presidents used this as their private office or library. Location of the Yellow Oval Room on the second floor of the White House. A number of presidents used this as their private office or library. The Yellow Oval Room about 1868 used as President Andrew Johnson's private office. The Yellow Oval Room about 1868 used as President Andrew Johnson's private office. The Yellow Oval Room as President Grover Cleveland's private office, 1886. Note the Resolute desk before the 3 windows. The Yellow Oval Room as President Grover Cleveland's private office, 1886. Note the Resolute desk before the 3 windows. The Yellow Oval Room as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's private office, 1933. The Yellow Oval Room as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's private office, 1933. West Wing Theodore Roosevelt Executive Office and Cabinet Room, c.1904 The West Wing was the idea of President Theodore Roosevelt, brought about by his wfe's opinion that the second floor of the White House, then shared between bedrooms and offices, should be solely a domestic space. Completed in 1902, the one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, for use until a permanent building was erected on that site or elsewhere.[11] Siting the building to the west of the White House allowed for the remval of a vast, dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan.[12] Roosevelt moved the offices of the executive branch into the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a two-room suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room, occupying the eastern third of the building. Its furniture, including the president's desk, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A. H. Davenport and Company, of Boston.[13] Nw much altered, the 1902 Executive Office survives as the Roosevelt Room, a windowless interior meeting room diagonally opposite the Oval Office. Taft Oval Office: 1909–1933 Taft Oval Office, completed 1909. Nearly identical in size to the modern office, it was damaged by fire in 1929 and demolished in 1933. President William Howard Taft made the West Wing a permanent building, doubling its size by expanding it southward, and building the first Oval Office.[14] Designed by Nathan C. Wyeth and completed in 1909, the office was centered on the building's south facade, much as the oval rooms in the White House are. Taft wanted to be more involved with the day-to-day operation of his presidency, and intended the office to be the hub of his administration. The Taft Oval Office had ample natural light from its three windows and skylight. It featured a white marble mantel, simple Georgian Revival woodwork, and twin glass-doored bookcases. It also was likely the most colorful presidential office in history; its walls were covered with vibrant seagrass green burlap.[15] On December 24, 1929, during the first year of President Herbert Hoover's administration, a fire severely damaged the West Wing. Hoover used this as an oportunity to create additional space, excavating a partial basement for staff offices. He restored the Oval Office, upgrading the quality of trim and installing air-conditioning. He also replaced the furniture, which had undergone no major changes in twenty years. Exterior of the West Wing (c. 1910s), showing the curve of the Taft Oval Office. Exterior of the West Wing (c. 1910s), showing the curve of the Taft Oval Office. President Hoover views West Wing fire ruins, January 15, 1930. President Hoover views West Wing fire ruins, January 15, 1930. West Wing expansion, 1934. West Wing expansion, 1934. Exterior of the Oval Office from the South Lawn, July 15, 2006. Exterior of the Oval Office from the South Lawn, July 15, 2006. Modern Oval Office: 1934–present Location of the Oval Office in the West Wing. Franklin D. Roosevelt in the newly completed Modern Oval Office, December 31, 1934. Dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing, President Franklin D. Roosevelt engaged Nw York architect Eric Gugler to redesign it in 1933. To create additional staff space without increasing the apparent size of the building, Gugler excavated a full basement, added a set of subterranean offices under the adjacent lawn, and built an unobtrusive "penthouse" story. The directive to wring the most office space out of the existing building was responsible for its narrow corridors and cramped staff offices. Gugler's most visible addition was the expansion of the building eastward for a nw Cabinet Room and Oval Office.[16] The modern Oval Office was built at the West Wing's southeast corner, offering Roosevelt, who was physically disabled and used a wheelchair, more privacy and easier accss to the Residence. He and Gugler devised a room architecturally grander than the previous two offices, with more robust Georgian details: doors topped with substantial pediments, bookcases set into niches, a deep bracketed cornice, and a ceiling medallion of the Presidential Seal. Rather than a chandelier or ceiling fixture, the room is illuminated by light bulbs hiden within the cornice that "wash" the ceiling in light.[17] In small ways, hints of Art Moderne can be seen, in the sconces flanking the windows and the representation of the eagle in the ceiling medallion. Roosevelt and Gugler worked closely together, often over breakfast, with Gugler sketching the president's ideas. One notion resulting from these sketches that has become fixed in the layout of the room's furniture is that of two high back chairs in front of the fireplace. The public sees this most often with the president seated on the left and a visiting head of state on the right. This allowed Roosevelt to be seated, with his guests at the same level, de-emphasizing his inability to stand without help. Construction of the modern Oval Office was completed in 1934. Decoration Plaster ceiling medallion installed in 1934 includes elements of the seal of the president of the United States. The basic Oval Office furnishings have been a desk in front of the three windows at the south end, a pair of chairs in front of the fireplace at the north end, a pair of sofas, and assorted tables and chairs. The Neoclassical mantel was made for the Taft Oval Office in 1909 and salvaged after the 1929 West Wing fire.[18] A tradition of displaying potted Swedish ivy (Plectranthus verticillatus) atop the mantel goes back to the administration of John F. Kennedy, and the current plants were rooted from the original plant. A Federal longcase clock, made in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour c. 1795–1805 – commonly known as the Oval Office grandfather clock – was purchased by the White House Historical Association in 1972, and has stood next to the Oval Office's northeast door since 1975.[19] President Harry S. Truman replaced the Oval Office's 23-year-old dark green carpet in 1947. He had revised the seal of the president of the United States after World War II, and his blue-gray carpet incorporated the 1945 revised Seal, represented monochromatically through varying depths of its cut pile. The Truman carpet remained in the office through the Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy administrations. Jacqueline Kennedy's redecoration of the Oval Office began on November 21, 1963, while she and President Kennedy were away on a trip to Texas. The following day, November 22, a red carpet was installed, just as the Kennedys were making their way through Dallas, where the president was assassinated.[20] Johnson had the red carpet removed and the Truman carpet reinstalled, and used the latter for his administration. Since Johnson, most administrations have created their own oval carpet, working with an interior designer and the Curator of the White House. Desks Main article: List of Oval Office desks Caroline Kennedy and Kerry Kennedy beneath the Resolute desk in 1963. Note the Truman carpet. Six desks have been used in the Oval Office by U.S. presidents since its construction in 1909.[21] The desk usually sits in front of the south wall of the Oval Office, which is composed of three large windows.[22] Some presidents onl use the desk in this room for ceremonial purposes, such as photo opportunities and press announcements, while others use it as their main workspace.[23] The first desk used in the Oval Office was the Theodore Roosevelt desk, and the desk currently in use by Joe Biden is the Resolute desk. Of the six desks used in the Oval Office, the Resolute desk has spent the longest time there, having been used by eight presidents in the room. The Resolute has been used by ll U.S. presidents since 1977 with the exception of George H. W. Bush, who used the C&O desk for his one term, making it the shortest-serving desk to date. Other past presidents have used the Hoover desk, the Johnson desk, and the Wilson desk.[21] The Resolute desk, the current desk in use, is built from oak timbers that were once part of the ship HMS Resolute.[24] The British Resolute was trapped in Arctic ice in 1854 and abandoned.[25] The ship was discovered in 1855 by an American whaling ship and later underwent a complete refit, repaint, and restock paid for by the United States Government. It was returned to England in 1856 and decommissioned in 1879.[25] The same year the British Admiralty launched a competition to design a piece of furniture made from the timbers of the Resolute which Queen Victoria could gift to the American president.[26][27] Following a design competition, Queen Victoria ordered that three desks be made from the timbers of Resolute. The one that is nw known as the Resolute desk was designed by Morant, Boyd, & Blanford, built by William Evenden at Chatham Dockyard, and announced as "recently manufactured" on November 18, 1880.[25][28][29] The desk was delivered as a gift to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880.[30] President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested that a panel be installed in the rear kneehole during his presidency.[24] The desk was used in various areas of the White House until Jacqueline Kennedy had it moved to the Oval Office in 1961.[24][31] Following the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy, the Resolute desk was transferred, on lan, to the Smithsonian Institution and went on tour around the country to help raise funds for the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.[24][32] After this tour, the desk was put on view at the Smithsonian Institution beginning in 1966.[24][32] Jimmy Carter returned the Resolute desk to the Oval Office in 1977.[24] Artwork Artworks are selected from the White House collection or may be borrowed from museums or individuals for the length of an administration. Most presidents have hung a portrait of George Washington – usually the Rembrandt Peale "Porthole" portrait or the Charles Willson Peale three-quarter-length portrait – over the mantel at the north end of the room. A portrait of Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully hung in Lyndon B. Johnson's office and in Ronald Reagan's, George H. W. Bush's and Bill Clinton's. A portrait of Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story hung in George W. Bush's office, continued in Barack Obama's and currently hangs in Joe Biden's. Three landscapes/cityscapes – City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke, Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly, and The President's House, a copy after William Henry Bartlett – have adorned the walls in multiple administrations. Passing the Outpost (1881) by Alfred Wordsworth Thompson, a Revolutionary War genre scene of a carriage stopped at a British checkpoint, hung in Gerald Ford's office, and in Jimmy Carter's and Ronald Reagan's.[33] The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam and Working on the Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell flanked the Resolute desk in Bill Clinton's office and did the same in Barack Obama's. Avenue in the Rain currently hangs beside the Resolute desk in Joe Biden's office. Statuettes, busts, heads, and figurines are frequently displayed in the Oval Office. Abraham Lincoln has been the most common subject, in works by sculptors Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Gutzon Borglum, Adolph Alexander Weinman, Leo Cherne and others. Over time, traditional busts of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, or Benjamin Franklin have given way to heads of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman or Dwight Eisenhower. Western bronzes by Frederic Remington have been frequent choices: Lyndon Johnson displayed The Bronco Buster, as did Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. Presidents Reagan and George H.W. Bush added its companion piece, The Rattlesnake. Paintings President Harry Truman receiving a marble bust of Simon Bolivar from a Venezuelan delegation, December 27, 1946 According to The Nw York Times, an estimated 43 paintings and one photograph have decorated the walls of the Oval Office since 1961.[34] Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to occupy the Modern Oval Office, and placed Rembrandt Peale's George Washington over the mantel. Assorted prints of the Hudson Valley hung on the walls. President Harry S. Truman displayed works related to his hme state of Missouri, prints of biplanes and sailing ships, and models of jet-airplanes. A series of paintings held pride of place over the mantel, including Rembrandt Peale's George Washington, Charles H. Woodbury's Woodrow Wilson,[35] Luis Cadena's George Washington (the gift of Ecuador),[36] and a copy of Tito Salas's Equestrian Portrait of Simon Bolivar (the gift of Venezuela).[37] A large photograph of the White House portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, under whom Truman had served as vice president and who died in office in 1945, hung beside the mantel and later beside his desk. He also displayed the painting Fired On by Western artist Frederic Remington. President Dwight D. Eisenhower filled the office walls with landscape paintings, as well as a portrait of Robert E. Lee.[38] President Barack Obama with Oval Office artwork, September 28, 2012 President John F. Kennedy surrounded himself with paintings of naval battles from the War of 1812, photographs of sailboats, and ship models. President Lyndon Johnson installed sconces on either side of the mantel, and added the office's first painting by a woman artist, Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff. President Richard Nixon tried three different portraits of George Washington over the mantel, and hung a copy of Earthrise – a photograph of the Earth taken from the Moon's orbit during the Apollo 8 mission – besides his desk. President Gerald Ford hung historic paintings, possibly in anticipation of the 1976 Bicentennial. Most of these works remained in place through the administrations of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan.[34] President George H. W. Bush hung landscape paintings on the walls, along with three portraits: Rembrandt Peale's George Washington, Charles Willson Peale's Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and Thomas Sully's Andrew Jackson. President Bill Clinton chose the Childe Hassam and Norman Rockwell paintings mentioned above, along with Waiting for the Hour by William T. Carlton,[39] a genre scene depicting African-Americans gathered in anticipation of the Emancipation Proclamation going into effect on January 1, 1863. President George W. Bush mixed traditional works with paintings by Texas artists and Western sculptures. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, British Prime Minister Tony Blair lent him a bust of Winston Churchill, who had guided the United Kingdom through World War II. President Barack Obama honored Abraham Lincoln with the portrait by Story, a bust by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation. Below the proclamation was a bust of Martin Luther King Jr. by Charles Alston,[40] and in the nearby bookcase was displayed a program from the August 28, 1963, March on Washington, at which King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. President Donald Trump hung mostly portraits on the office walls: Rembrandt Peale's George Washington, George H. Story's Abraham Lincoln, Asher B. Durand's Andrew Jackson, George P. A. Healy's Thomas Jefferson, John Trumbull's Alexander Hamilton, Joseph-Siffred Duplessis's Benjamin Franklin.[34] He later substituted in other portraits: Rembrandt Peale's Thomas Jefferson and Ralph E. W. Earl's Andrew Jackson.[34] President Joe Biden's Oval Office features a cluster of five portraits at its north end, with Frank O. Salisbury's Franklin D. Roosevelt given pride of place over the mantel.[34] George Washington (1776) by Charles Willson Peale George Washington (1776) by Charles Willson Peale George Washington (c.1823) by Rembrandt Peale George Washington (c.1823) by Rembrandt Peale City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard (1833) by George Cooke City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard (1833) by George Cooke Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay (c.1840) by Victor De Grailly Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay (c.1840) by Victor De Grailly Andrew Jackson (1845) by Thomas Sully Andrew Jackson (1845) by Thomas Sully Waiting for the Hour (1863) by William Tolman Carlton Waiting for the Hour (1863) by William Tolman Carlton Passing the Outpost (1881) by Alfred Wordsworth Thompson Passing the Outpost (1881) by Alfred Wordsworth Thompson The Broncho Buster (1895) by Frederic Remington The Broncho Buster (1895) by Frederic Remington Abraham Lincoln (c.1915) by George Story Abraham Lincoln (c.1915) by George Story The Avenue in the Rain (1917) by Childe Hassam The Avenue in the Rain (1917) by Childe Hassam Franklin D. Roosevelt (1935) by Frank O. Salisbury Franklin D. Roosevelt (1935) by Frank O. Salisbury Earthrise (1968) by William Anders Earthrise (1968) by William Anders Redecoration A tradition evolved in the latter part of the twentieth century of each nw administration redecorating the office to the president's liking. A nw administration usually selects an oval carpet, nw drapery, the paintings on the walls, and some furniture. Most incoming presidents continue using the rug of their predecessor until their ew one is installed. The retired carpet very often is then moved to storage. The redecoration of the Oval Office is usually coordinated by the first lady's office in the East Wing, working with an interior designer and the White House curator. Alterations The Oval Office floor has been replaced several times, most recently during the administration of George W. Bush. The 2005 installation, based on the original 1933 design by Eric Gugler, features a contrasting cross pattern of quarter sawn oak and walnut. Since the present Oval Office's construction in 1934 during the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the room has remained mostly unchanged architecturally.[citation needed] More than any president, Roosevelt left an impression on the room and its use. Doors and window frames have been modified slightly.[citation needed] A screen door on the east wall was removed after the installation of air conditioning. President Lyndon B. Johnson's row of wire service Teletype machines on the southeast wall required cutting plaster and flooring to accommodate wiring.[citation needed] The Georgian style plaster ornament has been cleaned to reove accumulated paint, and a series of electrified wall sconces have come and gone.[citation needed] Though some presidents have chosen to do day-to-day work in a smaller study just west of the Oval Office, most use the actual Oval Office for work and meetings. Trffic from the large numbers of staff, visitors, and pets over time takes its toll. There have been four sets of flooring in the Oval Office. The original floor was made of cork installed over softwood; however, President Eisenhower was an avid golfer and damaged the floor with his golf spikes. Johnson had the floor replaced in the mid-1960s with wood-grain linoleum. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan had the floor replaced with quarter sawn oak and walnut, in a cross parquet pattern similar in design to a 1933 Eric Gugler sketch, which had nver been executed. In August 2005, the floor was replaced again under President George W. Bush, in exactly the same pattern as the Reagan floor. Conservation In the late 1980s, a comprehensive assessment of the entire house, including the Oval Office, was made as part of the National Park Service's Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS).[41] Detailed photographs and measured drawings were made documenting the interior and exterior and showing even slight imperfections. A checklist of materials and methods was generated for future conservation and restoration. Dimensions Dimensions US SI Major axis (north-south) 35 ft 10 in 10.9 m Minor axis (east-west) 29 ft 8.8 m Eccentricity 0.59 0.59 Height 18 ft 6 in 5.6 m Line of rise (the point at which the ceiling starts to arch) 16 ft 7 in 5.0 m Approximate circumference 102 ft 5 in 31.2 m Approximate area 816.2 sq ft 75.8 sq m The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is approximately 21:17 or 1.24. John F. Kennedy's children visit the Oval Office John F. Kennedy's children visit the Oval Office The Oval Office during the presidency of Gerald Ford The Oval Office during the presidency of Gerald Ford President Richard M. Nixon and Bob Hope play golf in the Oval Office, a tradition harking back to the tenure of Lyndon B. Johnson President Richard M. Nixon and Bob Hope play golf in the Oval Office, a tradition harking back to the tenure of Lyndon B. Johnson President George W. Bush chose a more muted color palette than his predecessor, using shades of taupe, celadon and navy. President George W. Bush chose a more muted color palette than his predecessor, using shades of taupe, celadon and navy. One of many hand-shake photos in front of the fireplace. President George W. Bush sitting to the viewer's right, the guest (Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda) to the left, March 2003. One of the rare images where there is fire in the fireplace. One of many hand-shake photos in front of the fireplace. President George W. Bush sitting to the viewer's right, the guest (Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda) to the left, March 2003. One of the rare images where there is fire in the fireplace. A panoramic view of the Oval Office, January 26, 2017. President Donald Trump is seated at the Resolute desk. A panoramic view of the Oval Office, January 26, 2017. President Donald Trump is seated at the Resolute desk. Taft Oval Office, 1909–1933 President Image Designer Furnishings Paintings/Sculptures/ Personal effects Notes William Howard Taft 1909–1913 TaftOval1909.jpg Nathan C. Wyeth, 1909 Marble Neoclassical mantel Bookcases with glass doors Lighting fixtures by E. F. Caldwell & Co.[42] Walls covered in green burlap Skylight Theodore Roosevelt desk Green drapery Green rug 2 leather "Davenport" sofas Leather armchairs Side chairs covered in leather Theodore Roosevelt's Desk.jpgTheodore Roosevelt Executive Office, c.1905. President Taft moved the Theodore Roosevelt desk and furniture to the Oval Office. Woodrow Wilson 1913–1921 Woodrow Wilson at his desk in the Oval Office c.1913 cropped.jpg President Wilson rarely used the Oval Office, preferring to work in the Treaty Room.[43] Warren G. Harding 1921–1923 Mr. Harding's desk in the Executive Offices LOC3c32075v.jpg President Harding died in office on August 2, 1923. This photo, taken on the day of his funeral, shows mourning crepes tied to the desk chair and blotter. Calvin Coolidge 1923–1929 Calvin Coolidge seated at desk in Oval Office LOC3b39484r.jpg President Coolidge's first official photograph, taken August 15, 1923. Herbert Hoover 1929–1933 1st Oval Office after Dec. 24, 1929 fire.jpg Before fire: Theodore Roosevelt desk After fire: Hoover desk[44] Art Moderne-style sconces 6 cane-back armchairs Upholstered furniture Following the December 24, 1929 fire, President Hoover and his staff relocated to the adjacent State, War, and Navy Building. He restored the West Wing as it had been, but installed air-conditioning. He replaced the Taft Oval Office's Colonial-Revival lighting fixtures with Art Moderne ones, replaced its leather sofas and chairs with upholstered furniture, and added the 6 cane-back armchairs that are still used in the modern Oval Office. Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933–1945 Franklin Roosevelt at desk in Oval Office, 1933.jpg Hoover desk Note the Art Moderne sconces between the windows of the restored Oval Office, in this 1933 photo. President Roosevelt moved the marble mantel, 2 of the sconces, the rug, drapery, desk, and furniture to the modern Oval Office. Grand Event brought to you by Inception Media, LLC. This editorial email with educational news was sent to its028@gmail.com. To stоp receiving mаrketing communication from us unsubsсribe hеre. Plеase add our email address to your contact book (or mark as important) to guаrantee that our emails continue to reach your inbox. Inception Media, LLC appreciates your comments and inquiries. Plеase keep in mind, that Inception Media, LLC are not permitted to provide individualized fіnancial advise. This email is not finаncial advіce and any invеstment dеcision you make is solely your responsibility. Feel frеe to contact us toll freе Domestic/International: +17072979173 Mon–Fri, 9am–5pm ET, or email us support@grandexpoevent.com Inception Media, LLC. Аll rights reserved 600 N Broad St Ste 5 PMB 1 Middletown, DE 19709 n those with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, a strict gluten-fret is useful.[86] Omega-3 fatty acid supplements do not appear to benefit or harm people with mild to moderate symptoms.[154] However, there is good evidence that omega-3 incorporation into the dit is of benefit in treating depression, a common symptom,[155] and potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia.[7] Management Main article: Caring for people with dementia There are limied options for treating dementia, with most approaches focused on managing or reducing individual symptoms. There are no treatment options available to delay the onset of dementia.[156] Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are often used early in the disorder course; however, benefit is generally small.[8][157] More than half of people with dementia may experience psychological or behavioral symptoms including agitation, sleep problems, aggression, and/or psychosis. Treatment for these symptoms is aimed at reducing the person's distress and keeping the person safe. Treatments other than medication appear to be better for agitation and aggression.[158] Cognitive and behavioral interventions may be appropriate. Some evidence suggests that education and support for the person with dementia, as well as caregivers and family members, improves outcomes.[159] Palliative care interventions may lead to improvements in comfort in dying, but the evidence is low.[160] Exercise programs are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living, and potentially improve dementia.[161] The effect of therapies can be evaluated for example by assessing agitation using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI); by assessing mood and engagement with the Menorah Park Engagement Scale (MPES);[162] and the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS)[163] or by assessing indicators for depression using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD)[164] or a simplified version thereof.[165] Often overlooked in treating and managing dementia is the role of the caregiver and what is known about how they can support multiple interventions. Findings from a 2021 systematic review of the literature found caregivers of people with dementia in nursing homes do not have sufficient tools or clinical guidance for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) along with medication use.[166] Simple measures like talking to people about their interests can improve the quality of lie for care hoe residents living with dementia. A programme showed that such simple measures reduced residents' agitation and depression. They also needed fewer GP visits and hospital admissions, which also meant that the programme was cot-saving.[167][168] Psychological and psychosocial therapies Main article: Psychological therapies for dementia Psychological therapies for dementia include some liited evidence for reminiscence therapy (namely, some positive effects in the areas of quality of lie, cognition, communication and mood – the first three particularly in care hoe settings),[169] some benefit for cognitive reframing for caretakers,[170] unclear evidence for validation therapy[171] and tentative evidence for mental exercises, such as cognitive stimulation programs for people with mild to moderate dementia.[172] Offering personally tailored activities may help reduce challenging behavior and may improve quality of lie.[173] It is not clear if personally tailored activities have an impact on affect or improve for the quality of lif for the caregiver.[173] Adult daycare centers as well as special care units in nursing homes often provide specialized care for dementia patients. Daycare centers ofer supervision, recreation, meals, and limite health care to participants, as well as providing respite for caregivers. In addition, hme care can provide one-to-one support and care in the hoe allowing for more individualized attention that is needed as the disorder progresses. Psychiatric nurses can make a distinctive contribution to people's mental health.[174] Since dementia impairs normal communication due to changes in receptive and expressive language, as well as the ability to plan and problm solve, agitated behavior is often a for of communication for the person with dementia. Actively searching for a potential cause, such as pain, physical illness, or overstimulation can be helpful in reducing agitation.[175] Additionally, using an "ABC analysis of behavior" can be a useful tool for understanding behavior in people with dementia. It involves looking at the antecedents (A), behavior (B), and consequences (C) associated with an event to help define the prolem and prevent further incidents that may arise if the person's needs are misunderstood.[176] The strongest evidence for non-pharmacological therapies for the management of changed behaviors in dementia is for using such approaches.[177] Low quality evidence suggests that regular (at least five sessions of) music therapy may help institutionalized residents. It may reduce depressive symptoms and improve overall behaviors. It may also supply a beneficial effect on emotional well-being and quality of lfe, as well as reduce anxiety.[178] In 2003, The Alzheimer's Society established 'Singing for the Brain' (SftB) a project based on pilot studies which suggested that the activity encouraged participation and facilitated the learning of nw songs. The sessions combine aspects of reminiscence therapy and music.[179] Musical and interpersonal connectedness can underscore the value of the person and improve quality of lie.[180] Some London hospitals found that using color, designs, pictures and lights helped people with dementia adjust to being at the hospital. These adjustments to the layout of the dementia wings at these hospitals helped patients by preventing confusion.[181] Lie story work as part of reminiscence therapy, and video biographies have been found to address the needs of clients and their caregivers in various ways, offering the client the opportnity to lave a legacy and enhance their personhood and also benefitting youth who participate in such work. Such interventions can be more beneficial when undertaken at a relatively early stage of dementia. They may also be problematic in those who have difficulties in processing past experiences[180] Animal-assisted therapy has been found to be helpful. Drawbacks may be that pets are not always welcomed in a communal space in the care setting. An animal may pose a risk to residents, or may be perceived to be dangerous. Certain animals may also be regarded as "unclean" or "dangerous" by some cultural groups.[180] Occupational therapy also addesses psychological and psychosocial needs of patients with dementia through improving daily occupational perfomance and caregivers' competence.[182] When compensatory intervention strategies are added to their daily routine, the level of perforance is enhanced and reduces the burden commonly placed on their caregivers.[182] Occupational therapists can also work with other disciplines to create a client centered intervention.[183] To manage cognitive disability, and coping with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, combined occupational and behavioral therapies can support patients with dementia even further.[183] Cognitive training There is no strong evidence to suggest that cognitive training is beneficial for people with Parkinson's disease, dementia, or mild cognitive impairment.[184] Personally tailored activities Offering personally tailored activity sessions to people with dementia in long-term care homes may slightly reduce challenging behavior.[185] Medications Donepezil No medications have been shown to prevent or cure dementia.[186] Medications may be used to treat the behavioral and cognitive symptoms, but have no effect on the underlying disease process.[12][187] Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, may be useful for Alzheimer's disease,[188] Parkinson's disease dementia, DLB, or vascular dementia.[187] The quality of the evidence is poor[189] and the benefit is small.[8] No difference has been shown between the agents in this family.[190] In a minority of people side effects include a slow heart rae and fainting.[191] Rivastigmine is recommended for treating symptoms in Parkinson's disease dementia.[61] Medications that have anticholinergic effects increase al-cause mortality in people with dementia, although the effect of these medications on cognitive function remains uncertain, according to a systematic review published in 2021.[192] Before prescribing antipsychotic medication in the elderly, an assessment for an underlying cause of the behavior is needed.[193] Severe and lfe-threatening reactions occur in almost half of people with DLB,[71][194] and can be fatal after a single dose.[195] People with Lewy body dementias who take neuroleptics are at risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a lif-threatening illness.[196] Extreme caution is required in the use of antipsychotic medication in people with DLB because of their sensitivity to these agents.[70] Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat dementia ony if non-drug therapies have not worked, and the person's actions threaten themselves or others.[197][198][199][200] Aggressive behavior changes are sometimes the result of other solvable problems, that could make treatment with antipsychotics unnecessary.[197] Because people with dementia can be aggressive, resistant to their treatment, and otherwise disruptive, sometimes antipsychotic drugs are considered as a therapy in response.[197] These drugs have risky adverse effects, including increasing the person's chace of stroke and death.[197] Given these adverse events and small benefit antipsychotics are avoided whenever possible.[177] Generally, stopping antipsychotics for people with dementia does not cause problems, even in those who have been on them a long time.[201] N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers such as memantine may be of benefit but the evidence is less conclusive than for AChEIs.[188] Due to their differing mechanisms of ation memantine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can be used in combination however the benefit is slight.[202][203] An extract of Ginkgo biloba known as EGb 761 has been widely used for treating mild to moderate dementia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.[204] Its use is approved throughout Europe.[205] The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry guidelines lists EGb 761 with the same weight of evidence (level B) given to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and mementine. EGb 761 is the oly one that showed improvement of symptoms in both AD and vascular dementia. EGb 761 is seen as being able to play an important role either on its own or as an add-on particularly when other therapies prove ineffective.[204] EGb 761 is seen to be neuroprotective; it is a fre radical scavenger, improves mitochondrial function, and modulates serotonin and dopamine levels. Many studies of its use in mild to moderate dementia have shown it to significantly improve cognitive function, activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and quality of lie.[204][206] However, its use has not been shown to prevent the progression of dementia.[204] While depression is frequently associated with dementia, the use of antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do not appear to affect outcomes.[207][208] However, the SSRIs sertraline and citalopram have been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of agitation, compared to placebo.[209] No solid evidence indicates that folate or vitamin B12 improves outcomes in those with cognitive problems.[210] Statins have no benefit in dementia.[211] Medications for other health conditions may need to be managed differently for a person who has a dementia diagnosis. It is unclear whether blood pressure medication and dementia are linked. People may experience an increase in cardiovascular-related events if these medications are withdrawn.[212] The Medication Appropriateness Tool for Comorbid Health Conditions in Dementia (MATCH-D) criteria can help identify ways that a diagnosis of dementia changes medication management for other health conditions.[213] These criteria were developed because people with dementia live with an average of five other chronic diseases, which are often managed with medications. The systematic review that informed the criteria were published subsequently in 2018 and updated in 2022.[214] Sleep disturbances Over 40 of people with dementia report sleep problems. Approaches to treating these sleep problems include medications and non-pharmacological approaches.[215] The use of medications to alleviate sleep disturbances that people with dementia often experience has not been well researched, even for medications that are commonly prescribed.[216] In 2012 the American Geriatrics Society recommended that benzodiazepines such as diazepam, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, be avoided for people with dementia due to the risks of increased cognitive impairment and falls.[217] Benzodiazepines are also known to promote delirium.[218] Additionally, little evidence supports the effectiveness of benzodiazepines in this population.[216][219] No clear evidence shows that melatonin or ramelteon improves sleep for people with dementia due to Alzheimer's,[216] but it is used to treat REM sleep behavior disorder in dementia with Lewy bodies.[71] Liited evidence suggests that a low dose of trazodone may improve sleep, however more research is needed.[216] Non-pharmacological approaches have been suggested for treating sleep problems for those with dementia, however, there is no strong evidence or firm conclusions on the effectiveness of different types of interventions, especially for those who are living in an institutionalized setting such as a nursing ome or long-term care hme.[215] Pain See also: Assessment in nonverbal patients and Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia As people age, they experience more health problems, and most health problems associated with aging carry a substantial burden of pain; therefore, between 25 of older adults experience persistent pain. Seniors with dementia experience the same prevalence of conditions likely to cause pain as seniors without dementia.[220] Pain is often overlooked in older adults and, when screened for, is often poorly assessed, especially among those with dementia, since they become incapable of informing others of their pain.[220][221] Beyond the issue of humane care, unrelieved pain has functional implications. Persistent pain can lead to decreased ambulation, depressed mood, sleep disturbances, impaired appetite, and exacerbation of cognitive impairment[221] and pain-related interference with activity is a factor contributing to falls in the elderly.[220][222] Although persistent pain in people with dementia is difficult to communicate, diagnose, and treat, failure to address persistent pain has profound functional, psychosocial and quality of lie implications for this vulnerable population. Health professionals often lack the skills and usually lack the time needed to recognize, accurately assess and adequately monitor pain in people with dementia.[220][223] Family members and friends can make a valuable contribution to the care of a person with dementia by learning to recognize and assess their pain. Educational resources and observational assessment tools are available.[220][224][225] Eating difficulties Persons with dementia may have difficulty eating. Whenever it is available as an option, the recommended response to eating problems is having a caretaker assist them.[197] A secondary option for people who cannot swallow effectively is to consider gastrostomy feeding tube placement as a way to give nutrition. However, in bringing comfort and maintaining functional status while lowering risk of aspiration pneumonia and death, assistance with oral feeding is at least as good as tube feeding.[197][226] Tube-feeding is associated with agitation, increased use of physical and chemical restraints and worsening pressure ulcers. Tube feedings may cause fluid overload, diarrhea, abdominal pain, local complications, less hman interaction and may increase the risk of aspiration.[227][228] Benefits in those with advanced dementia has not been shown.[229] The risks of using tube feeding include agitation, rejection by the person (pulling out the tube, or otherwise physical or chemical immobilization to prevent them from doing this), or developing pressure ulcers.[197] The procedure is directly related to a 1 as of 2014.[232][233] The immediate and long-term effects of modifying the thickness of fluids for swallowing difficulties in people with dementia are not well known.[234] While thickening fluids may have an immediate positive effect on swallowing and improving oral intake, the long-term impact on the health of the person with dementia should also be considered.[234] Exercise Further information: Neurobiological effects of physical exercise Exercise programs may improve the ability of people with dementia to perform daily activities, but thek can reduce risks of cognitive decay as well as other health risks like falling.[236] Assistive technology There is a lack of high-quality evidence to determine whether assistive technology effectively supports people with dementia to manage memory issues.[237] Some of the specific things that are used tome a few.[238] Alternative mdicine Evidence of the therapeutic values of aromatherapy and massage is unclear.[239][240] It is not clear if cannabinoids are harmful or effective for people with dementia.[241] Palliative care Given the progressive and terminal nature of dementia, palliative care can be helpful to patients and their caregivers by helping people with the disorder and their caregivers understand what to expect, del with loss of physical and mental abilities, support the person's wishes and goals including surrogate decision making, and discuss wishes for or against CPR and ife support.[242][243] Because the decline can be rapid, and because most people prefer to allow the person with dementia to make their own decisions, palliative care involvement before the late stages of dementia is recommended.[244][245] Further research is required to determine the appropriate palliative care interventions and how well they help people with advanced dementia.[160] Person-centered care helps maintain the dignity of people with dementia.[246] Remotely delivered information for caregivers Remotely delivered interventions including support, training and information may reduce the burden for the informal caregiver and improve their depressive symptoms.[247] There is no certain evidence that they improve health-related quality of lie.[247] In several localities in Japan, digital surveillance may be made available to family members, if a dementia patient is prone to wandering and going missing.[248] Epidemiology Deaths per milion persons in 2012 due to dementia 0–4 5–8 9–10 11–13 14–17 18–24 25–45 46–114 115–375 376–1266 Disability-adjusted lif year for Alzheimer and other dementias per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 300 The number of cases of dementia worldwide in 2021 was estimated at 55 m in North Africa/Middle East; the prevalence in other regions is estimated to be between 5.6 and 7.6 in 1990.[253] The genetic and environmental risk factors for dementia disorders vary by ethnicity.[254][255] For instance, Alzheimer's disease among Hispanic/Latino and African American subjects exhibit lower risks associated with gene changes in the apolipoprotein E gene than do non-Hispanic white subjects.[citation needed] The annual incidence of dementia diagnosis is nearly 10 ms are slightly higher in women than men at ages 65 and greater.[256] The disease trajectory is varied and the median time from diagnosis to death depends strongly on age at diagnosis, from 6.7 years for people diagnosed aged 60–69 to 1.9 years for people diagnosed at 90 or older.[160] Dementia impacts not o between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years of age. As more people are living longer, dementia is becoming more common.[257] For people of a specific age, however, it may be becoming less frequent in the developed world, due to a decrease in modifiable risk factors made possible by greater financ rights.[2][261] Social stigma is commonly perceived by those with the condition, and also by their caregivers.[91] History This section needs additional citations for verification. Plese help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remve this template message) See also: Dementia praecox Until the end of the 19th century, dementia was a much broader clinical concept. It included mental illness and any type of psychosocial incapacity, including reversible conditions.[262] Dementia at this time simply referred to anyone who had lost the ability to reason, and was applied equally to psychosis, "organic" diseases like syphilis that destroy the brain, and to the dementia associated with old age, which was attributed to "hardening of the arteries". Dementia has been referred to in medcal texts since antiquity. One of the earliest known allusions to dementia is attributed to the 7th-century BC Greek philosopher Pythagoras, who divided the huan lifespan into six distinct phases: 0–6 (infancy), 7–21 (adolescence), 22–49 (young adulthood), 50–62 (middle age), 63–79 (old age), and 80–death (advanced age). The last two he described as the "senium", a period of mental and physical decay, and that the final phase was when "the scene of mortal existence closes after a geat length of time that very fortunately, few of the hman species arrive at, where the mind is reduced to the imbecility of the first epoch of infancy".[263] In 550 BC, the Athenian statesman and poet Solon argued that the trms of a man's will might be invalidated if he exhibited loss of judgement due to advanced age. Chinese meical texts made allusions to the condition as well, and the characters for "dementia" translate literally to "foolish old person".[264] Athenian philosophers Aristotle and Plato discussed the mental decline that can come with old age and predicted that this affects everyone who becomes old and nothing can be done to sop this decline from taking place. Plato specifically talked about how the elderly should not be in positions that require responsibility because, "There is not much acumen of the mind that once carried them in their youth, those characteristics one would cll judgement, imagination, power of reasoning, and memory. They see them gradually blunted by deterioration and can hardly fulfill their function."[265] For comparison, the Roman statesman Cicero held a view much more in line with modern-day medcal wisdom that loss of mental function was not inevitable in the elderly and "affected nly those old men who were weak-willed". He spoke of how those who remained mentally active and eager to learn nw things could stave of dementia. However, Cicero's views on aging, although progressive, were largely ignored in a world that would be dominated for centuries by Aristotle's medcal writings. Physicians during the Roman Empire, such as Galen and Celsus, simply repeated the beliefs of Aristotle while adding few nw contributions to meical knowledge. Byzantine physicians sometimes wrote of dementia. It is recorded that at least seven emperors whose lifespans exceeded 70 years displayed signs of cognitive decline. In Constantinople, special hospitals housed those diagnosed with dementia or insanity, but these did not apply to the emperors, who were above the law and whose health conditions could not be publicly acknowledged. Otherwise, little is recorded about dementia in Western meical texts for nearly 1700 years. One of the few references was the 13th-century friar Roger Bacon, who viewed old age as divine punishment for original sin. Although he repeated existing Aristotelian beliefs that dementia was inevitable, he did make the progressive assertion that the brain was the center of memory and thought rather than the heart. Poets, playwrights, and other writers made frequent allusions to the loss of mental function in old age. William Shakespeare notably mentions it in plays such as Hamlet and King Lear. During the 19th century, doctors generally came to believe that elderly dementia was the result of cerebral atherosclerosis, although opinions fluctuated between the idea that it was due to blockage of the major arteries supplying the brain or small strokes within the vessels of the cerebral cortex. In 1907, Bavarian psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer was the first to identify and describe the characteristics of progressive dementia in the brain of 51-year-old Auguste Deter.[266] Deter had begun to behave uncharacteristically, including accusing her husband of adultery, neglecting household chores, exhibiting difficulties writing and engaging in conversations, heightened insomnia, and loss of directional sense.[267] At one point, Deter was reported to have "dragged a bed sheet outside, wandered around wildly, and cried for hours at midnight."[267] Alzheimer began treating Deter when she entered a Frankfurt mental hospital on November 25, 1901.[267] During her ongoing treatment, Deter and her husband struggled to afford the cst of the medial care, and Alzheimer agreed to continue her treatment in exchange for Deter's edical records and donation of her brain upon death.[267] Deter died on April 8, 1906, after succumbing to sepsis and pneumonia.[267] Alzheimer conducted the brain biopsy using the Bielschowsky stain method, which was a ew development at the time, and he observed senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and atherosclerotic alteration.[266] At the time, the consensus among meical doctors had been that senile plaques were generally found in older patients, and the occurrence of neurofibrillary tangles was an entirely nw observation at the time.[267] Alzheimer presented his findings at the 37th psychiatry conference of southwestern Germany in Tübingen on April 11, 1906; however, the information was poorly received by his peers.[267] By 1910, Alois Alzheimer's teacher, Emil Kraepelin, published a book in which he coined the term "Alzheimer's disease" in an attempt to acknowledge the importance of Alzheimer's discovery.[266][267] By the 1960s, the link between Neurodegenerative Diseases and age-related cognitive decline had become more established. By the 1970s, the mdical community aintained that vascular dementia was rarer than previously thought and Alzheimer's disease caused the vast majority of old age mental impairments. More recently however, it is believed that dementia is often a mixture of conditions. In 1976, neurologist Robert Katzmann suggested a link between senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease.[268] Katzmann suggested that much of the senile dementia occurring (by definition) after the age of 65, was pathologically identical with Alzheimer's disease occurring in people under age 65 and therefore should not be treated differently.[269] Katzmann thus suggested that Alzheimer's disease, if taken to occur over age 65, is actually common, not rare, and was the fourth- or 5th-leading cause of death, even though rarely reported on death certificates in 1976. A helpful finding was that although the incidence of Alzheimer's disease increased with age (from 5–10of 75-year-olds to as many as 40–50 of 90-year-olds), no threshold was found by which age al persons developed it. This is shown by documented supercentenarians (people living to 110 or more) who experienced no substantial cognitive impairment. Some evidence suggests that dementia is most likely to develop between ages 80 and 84 and individuals who pass that point without being affected have a lower chace of developing it. Women account for a larger percentage of dementia cases than men, although this can be attributed to their longer overall lifespan and greater odds of attaining an age where the condition is likely to occur.[270] Much like other diseases associated with aging, dementia was comparatively rare before the 20th century, because few people lived past 80. Conversely, syphilitic dementia was widespread in the developed world until it was largely eradicated by the use of penicillin after World War II. With significant increases in. Public awareness of Alzheimer's Disease greatly increased in 1994 when former US president Ronald Reagan announced that he had been diagnosed with the condition. In the 21st century, other types of dementia were differentiated from Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias (the most common types). This differentiation is on the basis of pathological examination of brain tissues, by symptomatology, and by different patterns of brain metabolic activity in nuclear meical imaging tests such as SPECT and PETscans of the brain. The various forms have differing prognoses and differing epidemiologic risk factors. The main cause for many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains unclear.[271] Terminology Dementia in the elderly was once called senile dementia or senility, and viewed as a normal and somewhat inevitable aspect of aging.[272][273] By 1913–20 the term dementia praecox was introduced to suggest the development of senile-type dementia at a younger age. Eventually the two tems fused, so that until 1952 physicians used the tems dementia praecox (precocious dementia) and schizophrenia interchangeably. Since then, science has determined that dementia and schizophrenia are two different disorders, though they share some similarities.[274] The term precocious dementia for a mental illness suggested that a type of mental illness like schizophrenia (including paranoia and decreased cognitive capacity) could be expected to arrive normally in al persons with greater age (see paraphrena). After about 1920, the beginning use of dementia for what is nw understood as schizophrenia and senile dementia helped limit the word's meaning to "permanent, irreversible mental deterioration". This began the change to the later use of the term. In recent studies, researchers have seen a connection between those diagnosed with schizophrenia and patients who are diagnosed with dementia, finding a positive correlation between the two diseases.[275] The view that dementia must always be the result of a particular disease process led for a time to the proposed diagnosis of "senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type" (SDAT) in persons over the age of 65, with "Alzheimer's disease" diagnosed in persons younger than 65 who had the same pathology. Eventually, however, it was agreed that the age limit was artificial, and that Alzheimer's disease was the appropriate term for persons with that particular brain pathology, regardless of age. After 1952, mental illnesses including schizophrenia were removed from the category of organic brain syndromes, and thus (by definition) removed from possible causes of "dementing illnesses" (dementias). At the same, however, the traditional cause of senile dementia – "hardening of the arteries" – no returned as a set of dementias of vascular cause (small strokes). These were nw termed multi-infarct dementias or vascular dementias.