Geology and terrain Main article: Geology of Virginia The Chesapeake Bay separates the contiguous portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginia's Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the drowned river valley of the ancient Susquehanna River.[93] Many of Virginia's rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, which create three peninsulas in the bay, traditionally referred to as "necks" named Northern Neck, Middle Peninsula, and the Virginia Peninsula from north to south.[94] Sea level rise has eroded the land on Virginia's islands, which include Tangier Island in the bay and Chincoteague, one of 23 barrier islands on the Atlantic coast.[95][96] Rapids in a wide, rocky river under blue sky with clouds colored purple by the sunset. Great Falls is on the fall line of the Potomac River, and its rocks date to the late Precambrian.[97] The Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay. The Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era.[98] The region, known for its heavy clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville.[99] The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the Commonwealth, the tallest being Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m).[2] The Ridge-and-Valley region is west of the mountains, carbonate rock based, and includes the Massanutten Mountain ridge and the Great Appalachian Valley, which is called the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia.[100] The Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, south of the Allegheny Plateau. In this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin.[101] The Virginia Seismic Zone has not had a history of regular earthquake activity. Earthquakes are rarely above 4.5 in magnitude, because Virginia is located away from the edges of the North American Plate. The Commonwealth's largest earthquake in at least a century, at a magnitude of 5.8, struck central Virginia on August 23, 2011, near Mineral.[102] Due to the area's geologic properties, this earthquake was felt from Northern Florida to Southern Ontario.[103] 35 million years ago, a bolide impacted what is now eastern Virginia. The resulting Chesapeake Bay impact crater may explain what earthquakes and subsidence the region does experience.[104] A meteor impact is also theorized as the source of Lake Drummond, the largest of the two natural lakes in the state.[105] The Commonwealth's carbonate rock is filled with more than 4,000 limestone caves, ten of which are open for tourism, including the popular Luray Caverns and Skyline Caverns.[106] Virginia's iconic Natural Bridge is also the remaining roof of a collapsed limestone cave.[107] Coal mining takes place in the three mountainous regions at 45 distinct coal beds near Mesozoic basins.[108] More than 72 million tons of other non-fuel resources, such as slate, kyanite, sand, or gravel, were also mined in Virginia in 2020.[109] The largest-known deposits of uranium in the U.S. are under Coles Hill, Virginia. Despite a challenge that reached the U.S. Supreme Court twice, the state has banned its mining since 1982 due to environmental and public health concerns.[110] Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Source: U.S. Climate Divisional Dataset Metric conversion Virginia has a humid subtropical climate that transitions to humid continental west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.[111] Seasonal extremes vary from average lows of 25 °F (−4 °C) in January to average highs of 86 °F (30 °C) in July.[112] The Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Stream have a strong effect on eastern and southeastern coastal areas of the Commonwealth, making the climate there warmer and more constant. Most of Virginia's recorded extremes in temperature and precipitation have occurred in the Blue Ridge Mountains and areas west.[113] Virginia receives an average of 43.49 inches (110 cm) of precipitation annually,[112] with the Shenandoah Valley being the state's driest region due to the mountains on either side.[113] Virginia has around 35–45 days with thunderstorms annually, and storms are common in the late afternoon and evenings between April and September.[114] These months are also the most common for tornadoes,[115] fifteen of which touched down in the Commonwealth in 2020.[116] Hurricanes and tropical storms can occur from August to October, and though they typically impact coastal regions, the deadliest natural disaster in Virginia was Hurricane Camille, which killed over 150 people mainly in inland Nelson County in 1969.[113][117] Between December and March, cold-air damming caused by the Appalachian Mountains can lead to significant snowfalls across the state, such as the January 2016 blizzard, which created the state's highest recorded snowfall of 36.6 inches (93 cm) near Bluemont.[118][119] Virginia only received 13.1 inches (33 cm) of snow during winter 2018–19, just above the state's average of 10 inches (25 cm).[120] Climate change in Virginia is leading to higher temperatures year-round as well as more heavy rain and flooding events.[121] Urban heat islands can be found in many Virginia cities and suburbs, particularly in neighborhoods linked to historic redlining.[122][123] Arlington had the most code orange days in 2021 for high ozone pollution in the air, with four, followed by Fairfax County with three.[124] Exposure of particulate matter in Virginia's air has been cut in half from 13.5 micrograms per cubic meter in 2003 to 6.6 in 2022.[125] The closure and conversion of coal power plants in Virginia and the Ohio Valley region has reduced haze in the mountains, which peaked in 1998.[126] Coal has declined as a source of Virginia's electricity from 44% in 2008 to just 4% in 2019,[127] and current plans call for 30% of the Commonwealth's electricity to be renewable by 2030 and for all to be carbon-free by 2050.[128] Ecosystem See also: List of Virginia state parks Forests cover 62% of Virginia as of 2019, of which 78% is considered hardwood forest, meaning that trees in Virginia are primarily deciduous and broad-leaved. The other 22% is pine, with Loblolly and shortleaf pine dominating much of central and eastern Virginia.[129] In the western and mountainous parts of the Commonwealth, oak and hickory are most common, while lower altitudes are more likely to have small but dense stands of moisture-loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance.[113] Spongy moth infestations in oak trees and the blight in chestnut trees have decreased both of their numbers, leaving more room for hickory and invasive ailanthus trees.[130][113] In the lowland tidewater and Piedmont, yellow pines tend to dominate, with bald cypress wetland forests in the Great Dismal and Nottoway swamps.[129] Other common trees include red spruce, Atlantic White cedar, tulip-poplar, and the flowering dogwood, the state tree and flower, as well as willows, ashes, and laurels.[131] Plants like milkweed, dandelions, daisies, ferns, and Virginia creeper, which is featured on the state flag, are also common.[132] The Thompson Wildlife Area in Fauquier is known for one of the largest populations of trillium wildflowers in all of North America.[113] Five mountain ridges in shades of dark blue below an orange and yellow sunset. Oak trees produce a haze of isoprene, which helps give the Blue Ridge Mountains their signature color.[133] As of 2019, roughly 16.2% of land in the Commonwealth is protected by federal, state, and local governments and non-profits.[134] Federal lands account for the majority, with thirty National Park Service units in the state, such as Great Falls Park and the Appalachian Trail, and one national park, Shenandoah.[135] Shenandoah was established in 1935 and encompasses the scenic Skyline Drive. Almost forty percent of the park's total 199,173 acres (806 km2) area has been designated as wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System.[136] The U.S. Forest Service administers the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, which cover more than 1.6 million acres (6,500 km2) within Virginia's mountains, and continue into West Virginia and Kentucky.[137] The Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge also extends into North Carolina, as does the Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, which marks the beginning of the Outer Banks.[138] State agencies control about one-third of protected land in the state,[134] and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation manages over 75,900 acres (307.2 km2) in forty Virginia state parks and 59,222 acres (239.7 km2) in 65 Natural Area Preserves, plus three undeveloped parks.[139][140] Breaks Interstate Park crosses the Kentucky border and is one of only two inter-state parks in the United States.[141] Sustainable logging is allowed in 26 state forests managed by the Virginia Department of Forestry totaling 71,972 acres (291.3 km2),[142] as is hunting in 44 Wildlife Management Areas run by the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources covering over 205,000 acres (829.6 km2).[143] The Chesapeake Bay is not a national park, but is protected by both state and federal legislation and the inter-state Chesapeake Bay Program, which conducts restoration on the bay and its watershed.[144] Wildlife See also: List of endangered species in Virginia Two red-brown colored deer, one adult female and one young fawn, stand along a grassy area with pink mountains in the background. White-tailed deer are also known as Virginia deer, and up to seven thousand live in Shenandoah National Park.[145] White-tailed deer, one of 75 mammal species found in Virginia, rebounded from an estimated population of as few as 25 thousand in the 1930s to over one million by the 2010s.[146][147] Native carnivorans include black bears, who have a population of around five to six thousand in the state,[148] as well as bobcats, coyotes, both gray and red foxes, raccoons, weasels and skunks. Rodents include groundhogs, nutria, beavers, both gray squirrels and fox squirrels, chipmunks, and Allegheny woodrats, while the seventeen bat species include brown bats and the Virginia big-eared bat, the state mammal.[149][147] The Virginia opossum is also the only marsupial native to the United States and Canada,[150] and the native Appalachian cottontail was recognized in 1992 as a distinct species of rabbit, one of three found in the state.[151] Whales, dolphins, and porpoises have also been recorded in Virginia's coastal waters, with bottlenose dolphins being the most frequent aquatic mammals.[147] Virginia's bird fauna consists of 422 counted species, of which 359 are regularly occurring, 41 are accidental (vagrant), 20 are hypothetical, and two are extinct; of the regularly occurring species, 214 have bred in Virginia, while the rest are winter residents or transients in Virginia.[152] Water birds include sandpipers, wood ducks, and Virginia rail, while common inland examples include warblers, woodpeckers, and cardinals, the state bird. Birds of prey include osprey, broad-winged hawks, and barred owls.[153] There are no species of bird endemic to the Commonwealth.[152] Audubon recognizes 21 Important Bird Areas in the state.[154] Peregrine falcons, whose numbers dramatically declined due to DDT pesticide poisoning in the middle of the 20th century, are the focus of conservation efforts in the state and a reintroduction program in Shenandoah National Park.[155] Virginia has 226 species of freshwater fish from 25 families; the state's diverse array of fish species is attributable to its varied and humid climate, topography, interconnected river system, and lack of Pleistocene glaciers. The state's lakes and rivers are home to Eastern blacknose dace and sculpin on the Appalachian Plateau; smallmouth bass and redhorse sucker in the Ridge-and-Valley region; brook trout, the state fish, and Kanawha darter in the Blue Ridge; stripeback darter and Roanoke bass in the Piedmont; and swampfish, bluespotted sunfish, and pirate perch in the Tidewater.[156] The Chesapeake Bay is host to clams, oysters, and 350 species of saltwater and estuarine fish, including the bay's most abundant finfish, the Bay anchovy, as well as the invasive blue catfish.[157][158] An estimated 405 million Chesapeake blue crabs live in the bay as of 2020.[159] There are 34 native species of crayfish, like the Big Sandy, which often inhabit rocky bottomed streambeds.[160][113] Amphibians found in Virginia include the Cumberland Plateau salamander and Eastern hellbender,[161] while the northern watersnake is the most common of the 32 snake species.[162] Cities and towns See also: Political subdivisions of Virginia and Virginia statistical areas Map of Virginia counties colored by population density, ranging from pale yellow, to green, to dark blue. Population density of Virginia counties and cities in 2020 Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 independent cities, the latter acting in many ways as county-equivalents.[163] This general method of treating cities and counties on par with each other is unique to Virginia; only three other independent cities exist elsewhere in the United States, each in a different state.[164] The differences between counties and cities in Virginia are small and have to do with how each assess new taxes, whether a referendum is necessary to issue bonds, and with the application of Dillon's Rule, which limits the authority of cities and counties to countermand acts expressly allowed by the General Assembly.[165][166] Within counties, there can also be incorporated towns, which do operate their own governments, and unincorporated communities, which do not. There are no further administrative subdivisions, such as villages or townships. Over 3 million people, 35% of Virginians, live in Northern Virginia, which is part of the larger Washington metropolitan area and the Northeast megalopolis.[167][168] Fairfax County is the most populous locality in the state, with more than 1.1 million residents, although that does not include its county seat Fairfax City, which is one of the independent cities.[169] Fairfax County has a major urban business and shopping center in Tysons Corner, Virginia's largest office market.[170] Neighboring Prince William County is Virginia's second most populous county, with a population exceeding 450,000, and is home to Marine Corps Base Quantico, the FBI Academy and Manassas National Battlefield Park. Loudoun County, with its county seat at Leesburg, is the fastest-growing county in the state.[169][171] Arlington County is the smallest self-governing county in the U.S. by land area,[172] and has considered reorganizing as an independent city due to its high density.[165] Richmond is the capital of Virginia, and its city proper has a population of over 230,000, while its metropolitan area has over 1.2 million.[173] As of 2021, Virginia Beach is the most populous independent city in the Commonwealth, with Chesapeake and Norfolk second and third, respectively.[174] The three are part of the larger Hampton Roads metropolitan area, which has a population over 1.7 million people and is the site of the world's largest naval base, Naval Station Norfolk.[173][175] Suffolk, which includes a portion of the Great Dismal Swamp, is the largest city by area at 429.1 square miles (1,111 km2).[176] In western Virginia, Roanoke city and Montgomery County, part of the Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area, both have surpassed a population of over 100,000 since 2018.[177] The United States Census Bureau found the state resident population was 8,631,393 on April 1, 2020, a 7.9% increase since the 2010 United States census. Another 23,149 Virginians live overseas, giving the state a total population of 8,654,542. Virginia has the fourth largest overseas population of U.S. states due to its federal employees and military personnel.[180] The fertility rate in Virginia as of 2020 was 55.8 per 1,000 females between the ages of 15 and 44,[181] and the median age as of 2021 was the same as the national average of 38.8 years old, with the oldest city by median age being James City and the youngest being Lynchburg, home to several universities.[174] The geographic center of population was located northwest of Richmond in Hanover County, as of 2020.[182] Immigration between 2010 and 2018 from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 159,627 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 155,205 people.[183] Aside from Virginia, the top birth state for Virginians is New York, having overtaken North Carolina in the 1990s, with the Northeast accounting for the largest number of domestic migrants into the state by region.[184] About twelve percent of residents were born outside the United States as of 2020. El Salvador is the most common foreign country of birth, with India, South Korea, Vietnam, Ethiopia, and the Philippines as other common birthplaces.[185] Race and ethnicity The state's most populous racial group, non-Hispanic whites, has declined as a proportion of the population from 76% in 1990 to 58.6% in 2020, as other ethnicities have increased.[186][187] Immigrants from the islands of Britain and Ireland settled throughout the Commonwealth during the colonial period,[188] a time when roughly three-fourths of immigrants came as indentured servants.[189] Those who identify on the census as having "American ethnicity" are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who have been in North America for so long they choose to identify simply as American.[190][191] The western mountains have many settlements that were founded by Scotch-Irish immigrants before the American Revolution.[192] There are also sizable numbers of people of German descent in the northwestern mountains and Shenandoah Valley,[193] and 10.3% of Virginians are estimated to have German ancestry, as of 2020.[194] Dozens of adults sit in auditorium rows, many waving small American flags New citizens attend a naturalization ceremony in Northern Virginia, where 25% of residents are foreign-born, almost twice the overall state average[185] The largest minority group in Virginia are Blacks and African Americans, who include about one-fifth of the population.[187] Virginia was a major destination of the Atlantic slave trade, and the first generations of enslaved men, women, and children were brought primarily from Angola and the Bight of Biafra. The Igbo ethnic group of what is now southern Nigeria were the single largest African group among slaves in Virginia.[195] Blacks in Virginia also have more European ancestry than those in other southern states, and DNA analysis shows many have asymmetrical male and female ancestry contributions from before the Civil War, evidence of European fathers and African or Native American mothers during the time of slavery.[196][197] Though the Black population was reduced by the Great Migration to northern industrial cities in the first half of the 20th century, since 1965 there has been a reverse migration of Blacks returning south.[198] The Commonwealth has the highest number of Black-white interracial marriages in the United States,[199] and 8.2% of Virginians describe themselves as multiracial.[3] More recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century has resulted in new communities of Hispanics and Asians. As of 2020, 10.5% of Virginia's total population describe themselves as Hispanic or Latino, and 8.8% as Asian.[3] The state's Hispanic population rose by 92% from 2000 to 2010, with two-thirds of Hispanics in the state living in Northern Virginia.[200] Northern Virginia also has a significant population of Vietnamese Americans, whose major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War.[201] Korean Americans have migrated more recently, attracted by the quality school system.[202] The Filipino American community has about 45,000 in the Hampton Roads area, many of whom have ties to the U.S. Navy and armed forces.[203] Tribal membership in Virginia is complicated by the legacy of the state's "pencil genocide" of intentionally categorizing Native Americans and Blacks together, and many tribal members do have African and European ancestry.[204] In 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau found that only 0.5% of Virginians were exclusively American Indian or Alaska Native, though 2.1% were in some combination with other ethnicities.[187] The state government has extended recognition to eleven indigenous tribes resident in Virginia. Seven tribes also have federal recognition, including six that were recognized in 2018 after passage of bill named for activist Thomasina Jordan.[205][206] The Pamunkey and Mattaponi have reservations on tributaries of the York River in the Tidewater region.[207] Largest race by county or city Race and ethnicity (2020) Alone Total Map of racial plurality in Virginia by county, per the 2020 US Census Non-Hispanic White Black or African American Hispanic or Latino Non-Hispanic White 58.6% 62.8% Black or African American 18.3% 20.1% Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 10.5% Asian 7.1% 8.6% American Indian and Alaska Native 0.2% 1.5% Other 0.6% 1.5% Largest ancestry by county or city Ancestry (2020 est.) Total Virginia counties colored either red, blue, yellow, green, or purple based on the populations most common ancestry. The south-east is predominately purple for African American, while the west is mostly red for American. The north has yellow for German, with two small areas green for Irish. Yellow is also found in spots in the west. A strip in the middle is blue for English. American Community Survey five-year estimate Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptist denominations combined to form largest group with over a quarter of the population as of 2014.[215] Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with more than 500 affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention.[216][217] Roman Catholics are the next largest religious group with around twelve percent.[215] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest of the state. An outdoor auditorium with seated guests lined with neoclassical columns and a closed archway on one side and banners hanging inside the arch. Since 1927, Arlington National Cemetery has hosted an annual nondenominational sunrise service every Easter.[218] The United Methodist Church, representing about six percent of Virginians, has the Virginia Conference as their regional body in most of the Commonwealth, while the Holston Conference represents much of extreme Southwest Virginia. Around five percent of Virginians attend Pentecostal churches, while around three percent attend Presbyterian churches, which are split between the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Presbyterian Church in America. The Lutheran Church, under the Virginia Synod, Congregational churches, and Episcopalian adherents each comprised less than two percent of the population as of 2014.[215] The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches. In November 2006, fifteen conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over the ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy in other dioceses of the Episcopal Church; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Though Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation, the diocese claimed the secessionist churches' buildings and properties. The resulting property law case, ultimately decided in favor of the mainline diocese, was a test for Episcopal churches nationwide.[219] Among other religions, adherents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute just over one percent of the population, with 216 congregations in Virginia as of 2022.[220] Fairfax Station is the site of the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, and the Hindu Durga Temple. Sterling is the home of the All Dulles Area Muslim Society, which, with its eleven satellite branches, considers itself the second largest Muslim mosque community in the country.[221] While the state's Jewish population is small, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah.[222] Megachurches in the Commonwealth include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church, and McLean Bible Church,[223] and the twenty percent who describe themselves as unaffiliated also include seven percent who say religion is important to them, but may not attend regular services with formal membership.[224] Several Christian universities are also based in the state, including Regent University, Liberty University, and the University of Lynchburg. Economy Main article: Economy of Virginia See also: Virginia locations by per capita income Map of Virginia counties colored by median household income, with ranging from gray, to blue, to darker green. Virginia counties and cities by median household income (2015–2019) Virginia's economy has diverse sources of income, including local and federal government, military, farming and high-tech. The state's average earnings per job was $63,281, the 11th-highest nationwide,[225] and the gross domestic product (GDP) was $476.4 billion in 2018, the 13th-largest among U.S. states.[226] Prior to the COVID-19 recession, in March 2020, Virginia had 4.36 million people employed with an unemployment rate of 2.9%,[227] but jobless claims due to the virus soared over 10% in early April 2020,[228] before leaving off around 5% in November 2020.[229] In October 2022, it was 2.7%, which was the 9th-lowest nationwide.[230] Virginia has a median household income of $72,600, 11th-highest nationwide, and a poverty rate of 10.7%, 12th-lowest nationwide, as of 2018. Montgomery County outside Blacksburg has the highest poverty rate in the state, with 28.5% falling below the U.S. Census poverty thresholds. Loudoun County meanwhile has the highest median household income in the nation, and the wider Northern Virginia region is among the highest-income regions nationwide.[231] As of 2013, six of the twenty highest-income counties in the United States, including the two highest,[232] as well as three of the fifty highest-income towns, are all located in Northern Virginia.[233] Though the Gini index shows Virginia has less income inequality than the national average,[234] the state's middle class is also smaller than the majority of states.[235] Virginia's business environment has been ranked highly by various publications. In 2021, CNBC named Virginia their Top State for Business, with its deductions being mainly for the high cost of living,[236] while Forbes magazine ranked it fourth, though number one in quality of life.[237] Additionally, in 2014 a survey of 12,000 small business owners found Virginia to be one of the most friendly states for small businesses.[238] Oxfam America however ranked Virginia in 2021 as only the 23rd-best state to work in, with pluses for new worker protections from sexual harassment and pregnancy discrimination, but negatives for laws on organized labor and the low tipped employee minimum wage of $2.13.[239] Virginia has been an employment-at-will state since 1906 and a "right to work" state since 1947,[240][241] and though state minimum wage increased to $12 in 2023, farm and tipped workers are specifically excluded.[242][239] Government agencies Aerial view of the huge five-sided building and its multiple rings. Parking lots and highways stretch away from it. The Department of Defense is headquartered in Arlington at the Pentagon, the world's largest office building.[243] Government agencies directly employ around 700,000 people, almost 17% of all employees, as of 2021.[244] Approximately twelve percent of all U.S. federal procurement money is spent in Virginia, the second-highest amount after California.[245][246] As of 2019, 124,870 active-duty personnel and 98,506 civilians work directly for the U.S. Department of Defense across the 27 military bases in the state and the headquarters at the Pentagon,[247] and over 139,000 Virginians work for defense contracting firms, which received over $37.4 billion worth of contracts in the 2018 fiscal year.[248] Virginia has one of the highest concentrations of veterans of any state,[249] and the Hampton Roads area has the largest concentration of military personnel and assets of any metropolitan area in the world.[250] Other large federal agencies in Northern Virginia include the Central Intelligence Agency in Langley, the National Science Foundation and U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in Alexandria, the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service in Bailey's Crossroads. Virginia's state government employs over 106,000 public employees, who combined have a median income of $52,401 as of 2018,[251] with the Departments of Education and of Transportation being the largest by expenditure. |
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